Labelling theory encourages ________ as a way to completely avoid the stigmatization process?
A. restitution
B. legalization
C. radical non-intervention
D. decriminalization
_______________ Of what is the failure of companies to adhere to legal regulations that apply to them an example ?
A. white-collar crime
B. corporate crime
C. victimless crime
D. organized crime
The approach to crime prevention based on increased surveillance (such as CCTV and Neighborhood Watch schemes) and target hardening (such as a car immobilizers and better home security) is known as what ?
A. the new criminology
B. broken windows theory
C. situational crime prevention
D. deviance reduction theory
White-collar crime is low in visibility because_____________?
A. it involves only small amounts of money
B. the proletariat can outsmart the bourgeoise
C. the police turn a blind eye to corporate crime
D. it goes undected in the context of everybody business transactions
Which one of the following is an example of a ‘third generation’ or true cybercrime ?
A. international drug dealing via email
B. The global trade in online pornography
C. the vandalizing of virtual environments
D. theft of goods sold via online action websites
Which approach holds that deviance is not a feature of a group or individual but a process of interaction through which one group becomes defined as deviant ?
A. labelling theory
B. control theory
C. functionalist theory
D. conflict theory
Which policy is supported by the theory of broken windows ?
A. restorative justice
B. zero tolerance
C. target hardening
D. deterrent sentencing
Which one of the following is a strategy for restorative justice ?
A. community service
B. imprisonment
C. electronic tagging
D. curfews
If a deviant act is ‘normalized’ it is______________?
A. recognized as breaking an important norm of behavior
B. seen a temporary aberration from an otherwise normal character
C. the first step in establishing a deviant career
D. attributed to the person’s genetic or anatomical make up